Can J Microbiol 22(10):1415–1424īlanton CM, Ewel JJ (1985) Leaf-cutting ant herbivory in successional and agricultural tropical ecosystems. Academic Press, New York, pp 121–143īismanis JE (1976) Endosymbionts of Sitodrepa panicea. Proc Plant Sci 94(2–3):137–148īeaver RA, Wilding N, Collins N, Hammond P, Webber J (1989) Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. Allanheld, Osmun & Co, Montclair, pp 259–265īatra LR (1985) Ambrosia beetles and their associated fungi: research trends and techniques. In: Batra LR (ed) Insect-fungus symbiosis. Science 153(3732):193–195īatra LR (1979) The mutualistic fungi of Xyleborini beetles. BMC Biol 8(1):109īatra LR (1966) Ambrosia fungi: extent of specificity to ambrosia beetles. Insects 3(1):41–61īarke J, Seipke RF, Grüschow S, Heavens D, Drou N, Bibb MJ, Goss RJ, Douglas WY, Hutchings MI (2010) A mixed community of actinomycetes produce multiple antibiotics for the fungus farming ant Acromyrmex octospinosus. UNESCO, Paris, pp 121–125Īylward FO, Currie CR, Suen G (2012) The evolutionary innovation of nutritional symbioses in leaf-cutter ants. In: Termites in the humid tropics, proceedings of the New Delhi symposium. Experientia 34(5):559–560Īusat A, Cheema PS, Koshi T, Perti SL, Ranganathan SK (1960, October) Laboratory culturing of termites. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 289–306Ībo-Khatwa N (1978) Cellulase of fungus-growing termites: a new hypothesis on its origin. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 189–208Ībe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M, Higashi T, Abe Y (eds) (2000c) Termites: evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 335–336Ībe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M, Higashi T, Abe Y (eds) (2000b) Termites: evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(23):14887–14892Ībe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M, Higashi T, Abe Y (eds) (2000a) Termites: evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology. KeywordsĪanen DK, Eggleton P, Rouland-Lefevre C, Guldberg-Frøslev T, Rosendahl S, Boomsma JJ (2002) The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. The interaction between yeast and insects has also been discussed in ample detail, with our focus mainly on the areas in which each participant in the interaction benefits. The benefits of these interactions range from nutrition to the spore dispersal of fungi as well as protection from predators and competitors. These interactions are based on a complex and interesting evolutionary line, which finally introduces the concept of mutuality into this insect community. This chapter deliberates the various aspects and properties of fungal interactions with mushroom growers such as leaf-cutters (Attina ants), termites, and ambrosia beetles. Much of the research on reciprocal interactions between insects and microbes have focused on bacterial associations with insects, more or less ignoring the fact that interactions between insects and fungi are equally important which usually follow the same mechanisms and pathways as associations between insects and Bacteria. Since such interfaces occur in the form of mutual interactions, which in turn leads to the participating organisms achieving rich and important advantages that are necessary for their survival and development. Such an interaction, which exists between microbes and herbivores like insects, has become a topic of great importance for researchers far and wide. Microbes are known to interact with a variety of organisms belonging to different classes, genera, or species through their own diverse and specific pathways and mechanisms.
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4 GB of GPU for HD workflows and 6 GB of unified memory for 4k and higher resolution workflows.An Intel 7thGen or newer CPU with Quick Sync - or an AMD Ryzen 3000 series / Threadripper 2000 or newer CPU.The recommended system requirements for Windows, however, are: 8 GB of hard disk space for installation.Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit) version 1909 or later.An Intel 6thGen or newer CPU - or an AMD Ryzen 1000 series or newer CPU.The minimum specifications for Windows devices are: 1920 x 1080 monitor resolution or higher (Display HDR 400 for HDR workflows)įor Windows, the specifications are a little bit broader.A fast SSD for storage, app installation, and cache.16 GB of unified memory on Apple Silicon GPUs, 4 GB of GPU for HD workflows on Intel GPUs, and 6 GB of unified memory for 4k and higher resolution workflows.16 GB of Ram for HD media and 32 GB of Ram for 4k media.An Intel 7thGen or newer CPU or an Apple Silicon M1 or newer.The recommended system requirements for macOS, however, are: 8 GB of hard disk space for installation (though you’ll need much more than that to actually edit videos on your system).8 GB of unified memory on Apple Silicon GPUs or 2 GB of unified memory on Intel GPUs.For macOS, the minimum system requirements users need is: MacĪdobe breaks this up between “minimum system requirements” and “recommended system requirements”. Picking the right graphics card, CPU, and RAM drastically changes how Premiere Pro runs. While Simon Says may not take a lot of processing power, a lot of other elements in Adobe Premiere Pro do.Īdobe Premiere Pro system requirements vary from operating system to operating system as well. With 100 different language options and an intuitive text-based video editor, Simon Says is a great way to help you save valuable time on your projects. Simon Says is a wonderful, native transcription tool that makes captioning in Adobe Premiere Pro a breeze. A great plugin that will work on nearly all systems is Simon Says. The great thing about Premiere is how many amazing plugins there are for the software, regardless of system specifications.Įditing is already such a time-consuming process, and plugins can help alleviate some of it. Editing incredibly basic content for platforms like social media doesn’t require a whole lot. Luckily, it doesn’t take a supercomputer to run Adobe Premiere Pro. The question is: which hardware is best for you and which hardware is optimal for Adobe Premiere Pro? Minimum system requirements to run Premiere Pro There are a plethora of CPU and GPU options out there and a few different operating systems as well. As a video editor, it can sometimes be a challenge to decide on what hardware to choose. While Premiere Pro is an incredibly powerful tool, the software can only be as good as the hardware it’s running on. It’s no wonder that Premiere Pro has been around for over twenty years now. While it would be great to have the Jer to F feature built directly into Premiere Pro, for now it is recommended to export the video clip as an mp4 and use Photoshop for generative fill on the new cropped area.Adobe Premiere Pro CC is one of the best video editing programs in the business and a staple for filmmakers, businesses, and other types of content creators. Is the Jer to F feature available in Adobe Premiere Pro 2024? Yes, you can now extend generated layers in Adobe Premiere Pro to match the duration of a video clip, allowing for more space to work with on social media platforms. You can use Photoshop's video mode to edit a vertical version of your video by using the crop tool to expand the frame and generate a new background above or below.Ĭan I extend generated layers in Adobe Premiere Pro 2024? How can I edit a vertical version of my video in Adobe Premiere Pro 2024? Yes, Adobe Premiere Pro 2024 now allows direct publishing to TikTok with the same views as native uploads. Premiere Pro 2024 has focused on stability improvements, including a new recovery mode and background autosaving every 3 minutes.Ĭan I publish directly to TikTok using Adobe Premiere Pro 2024? What improvements have been made in Adobe Premiere Pro 2024? Over the years, fighter-creation software like 2005's Fighter Factory has popped up to help facilitate this process. Though you don't need programming knowledge to create a MUGEN character, the process can still be time-intensive, especially if you're creating your custom art. For the first time, fans of fighting games weren't just allowed but expected to create their own fighters and matchups. Everything else, from additional characters to even title-screen art, would have to be supplied by the users themselves, most often through files shared via Internet communities. This early release differed from most fighting games, though, by offering only one "official" character, Kung Fu Man, and a single stage. The first public MS-DOS beta release of MUGEN came on July 27, 1999. Taking inspiration from a PC Korean Street Fighter 2 hack known as SFIBM, Elecbyte decided to change course from a shooter to a 2D fighting game engine. The team was originally experimenting with creating an engine to handle the rigors of so-called shmup games but found that it just wasn't living up to what they had hoped to create. MUGEN began life just before the turn of the century as a PC-based side-scrolling shoot-'em-up title, created by a small company called Elecbyte. That program is MUGEN, derived from the Japanese word for "infinite," which is an appropriate name for a program that provides near limitless potential for players to create new fighting games and characters. Ultimate review: The best fighting game on any Nintendo systemEven within a genre known for character-merging crossovers, there's one two-decade-old game that reigns supreme when it comes to pitting a wide variety of characters against one another. When your model changes, so does your document. Draw plans, elevations, details, title blocks and a lot more with LayOut. Produce scaled, accurate drawings: SketchUp isn’t just for 3D models. Programming, diagramming, design development, detailing, documentation, RFIs-wherever you need drawings, you need SketchUp Pro. Make everything easier: SketchUp is useful from the earliest stages of design to the end of construction. SketchUp is a premier 3D design software that truly makes 3D modelling for everyone, with a simple to learn yet robust toolset. SketchUp Pro is the most intuitive way to design, document, and communicate your ideas in 3D. Produce stunning 3D models for teaching and academic projects. SketchUp Studio for Educators cannot be used for commercial (for-profit) work of any kind.You can install SketchUp Studio on both your desktop and laptop computers.Subscriptions for SketchUp Studio for Educators expire one year from the date of generation. You must also provide a current faculty ID, course syllabus, or other similar document.You must be an educator at an accredited educational institution.Please place your Educator License order with your academic email address, provide a current faculty ID, course syllabus, or other similar document. SketchUp Studio for Educators Includes use of SketchUp desktop, Sefaira, LayOut, Style Builder, SketchUp Viewer for XR apps, SketchUp Viewer for Mobile apps, SketchUp web, Scan Essentials (Windows only) and Trimble Connect. This is a 1 year subscription which must be renewed annually for your software to continue to function. Trimble SketchUp Studio Educator now includes Scan Essentials (Windows Only) gives teachers and lecturers everything needed to get projects done an easy-to-use UI and accurate data to inform their education projects by importing, viewing, and modelling on top of point clouds in SketchUp. SketchUp Studio Educator including SketchUp Pro and now, Scan Essentials. Typical memory function involves many parts of the brain. If someone you know has symptoms of amnesia, help the person get medical attention. People with amnesia may not know where they are or be able to seek medical care. False memories that are either completely invented or are real memories misplaced in time.Īnyone who experiences unexplained memory loss, head injury or confusion requires immediate medical attention.Additional symptomsĭepending on the cause of the amnesia, other symptoms may include: This disorder involves memory and other cognitive problems that aren't as severe as those experienced in dementia. Memory loss also is a common symptom of mild cognitive impairment. These problems include having trouble with language, judgment and visual-spatial skills. Dementia often includes memory loss but also involves other problems with thinking that lead to a decline in daily functioning. They may understand they have a memory disorder.Īmnesia isn't the same as dementia. People with amnesia usually can understand written and spoken words and can learn skills such as bike riding or piano playing. It also doesn't affect judgment, personality or identity. Isolated memory loss doesn't affect a person's intelligence, general knowledge, awareness or attention span. But they may not be able to name the current president, know the month or remember what they ate for breakfast. More-remote or deeply ingrained memories may be spared.įor example, people may recall experiences from childhood or know the names of past presidents. Recent memories are most likely to be lost. Most people with amnesia have problems with short-term memory, so they can't retain new information. Trouble remembering past events and previously familiar information.Tips to help enhance memory and get support can help people with amnesia and their families cope. There's no specific treatment for amnesia, but treatment can be directed at the underlying cause. Unlike a temporary episode of memory loss, called transient global amnesia, amnesia can be permanent. Amnesia can be caused by damage to areas of the brain that are vital for memory processing. The roller decided who’s cards to view and which of their cards to view. Phase 2: Each player again rolls the die to determine how many cards from another player’s hand they will be able to view. If no cards are available to be drawn, the discarded cards may be reshuffled and a card should be drawn from the newly shuffled pile. Phase 1: Each player rolls a die to determine how many cards they will draw (if 1 or 2 is rolled, zero cards are drawn. Turns are broken up into 5 phases detailed below. Once each player has drawn three cards, the first turn can begin. Following the meetings, each player should draw three cards from the card deck. During these meetings game strategy should be discussed including the forming of alliances, potential targets, and sowing seeds of doubt in other players. These one on one discussions continue until each player has had a conversation with every player (should last 5 minutes in total). To begin the game, each player has a one minute discussion, one on one with another player. Each nation’s flag represents the player’s playing area (see below for an image of the game board). The game board is divided into six sections, one for each player to play their cards. Three types of utility cards exist including Advanced Warning, Secret Intel, and Economic Surplus. Utility cards aid the user in passive ways by either granting intel, or allowing for extra card pick-ups. Utility Cards : These cards can be used in a wide variety of situations. Four types of defensive cards exist including Duck and Cover, Strike Repair, Pacifist, and Nuclear Accident (See below for images of each card). In many cases defensive cards are a good alternative, as they do not harm other nations and may help to avoid creating enemies. Three types of missile cards exist including Nuclear Strike, Preemptive Strike, and Second Strike (See below for images of each card).ĭefensive Cards : These cards are used for defensive purposes. Most missile cards are nation specific, meaning they can only be used against one specific nation. Missile Cards : These cards are used exclusively for offensive purposes. More information of each card type is available below. Each card has a unique ability that will benefit its user. These card types include missile cards, defensive cards, and utility cards. Included below is a complete list of the rules of the game as well as all of the card types that exist.īe the last nation to survive by removing other nation’s nuclear strike points (7 nuclear strike points per nation). This combination of strategic game theory along with the luck associated with which cards are drawn (which simulates the luck associated with what natural resources a nation has) will make for an engaging and educational game. Throughout this game players will have to strategically pick which cards to play based on the information available to them as well as what information or misinformation they should spread to other players. Furthermore the fact that only one player can make it to the end of the game means that every player will eventually become enemies, further incentivizing them to spread misinformation. Because any player could reasonably have critical and confidential information, they will always be in a position to spread misinformation that cannot be verified by other players until it is too late. To win this game players will further be forced to rely both on information and misinformation as each player gets to see a small portion of their opponents cards which they can use both to make their own decisions and trick other players. Through this the game will be able to demonstrate the near total destruction that will accompany any nuclear war. To make it to the end of the game players will be forced to make temporary alliances, betray those alliances, lie, and destroy their opponents. Each player must guide his/her country through this exchange by destroying all other countries ensuring the survival of their own country. This game involves three to six players, who can play as any of six countries (USA, UK, China, Russia, India, and France) with powerful nuclear arsenals at the start of an all out nuclear exchange. For the final project in this course, we designed a board game that we believe is both fun and demonstrates the risk that nuclear war and misinformation pose to society. Being able to make simple changes with this editor is awesome and address the biggest problem I had with all those online PDF editors and that's essentially sending a PDF with very sensitive information on it to some no-name to have the opportunity to edit it.Looking for the best free PDF editor? You’re in the right place. The fact of the matter is, PDFs are used as documents that sometimes you are expected to do more than just fill out or read. "it's a shitty format" or "Adobe are a-holes for controlling who can use it" or "there are better alternatives" falls on deaf ears. It's not a question of whether or not we should be using PDF or if there is a better "universal format" to use - the industry has pretty much embraced PDFs as the de-facto method for submitting what are essentially "live" documents that are collaborated on and/or passed back and forth with the expectation for Markups to be made, commented on, and then sent back. If you work in the construction design industry, PDFs have become a de facto standard for sharing design notes and markups. Until then, I need a means to edit my PDFs, and here you come providing a simple and elegant option. I think the ship has sailed until a more superior document "carrying" format is universally accepted by every industry out there. I use Bluebeam at work - some Linux/FOSS types have to realize - yes, the PDF format is supposed to be the "endpoint" format, but we are moving FAR away from that now. It was to simply sign a document with a printed name and my signature without sending that data to some unknown entity I never heard of. I stumbled upon this from a Google search and it DIRECTLY addressed what I needed it for. I feel that basic PDF editing should be free as people need it for their everyday life (they don't edit PDF for fun) It's a project on the side, I have a full time job to pay the bills Software costs money, regardless of the complexity, so the paying part is normal, we have just been used to not paying for software (in exchange for our personal data for example).Īs for why I'm not charging for it, it's mainly for three reasons: The specs for the PDF format (created by Adobe) is now available, and people have also been "reverse-engineering" the bits that are not documented. Hence why everyone charges for every single little thing. I assumed you had to have some license through Adobe to even create an app to interact with PDFs. There's many ways to display a PDF, so you have to account for all ways to make sure that it works as it should. Long story short, the PDF format is insanely flexible at the expense of a lot of complexity. Why and how is PDF editing seem like such a complicated thing that you have to go through so many hoops for? Waste even more time: /r/InternetIsUseless /r/AndroidIsBeautiful Was your post removed from here? Found a cool site that's not particularly unique or beautiful? Head on over to /r/InternetIsInteresting. If this subreddit for whatever reason fails to provide the interactivity you need, we also highly recommend a look at /r/interactivewebsites for a less diluted dosage of interactivity. If you exhibit a similar addictive lust for information as you do for internet, we highly recommend you go give /r/dataisbeautiful a sub too. Something different? Try /r/InternetIsUgly. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but we have beheld a lot! This subreddit is highly curated and the moderators frequently must use their discretion and judgement as a team when enforcing our rules.Personal attacks, bigotry, fighting words and otherwise shitty behavior will be removed and may result in a ban. We enforce a standard of common decency and civility here.Includes Facebook, Google+, or otherwise.Įxtensions, software, or other content which requires a download to use. Websites that require a login or email address. Sites that pose a potential security risk. Online stores, paid services, or sites which serve only to sell a specific product. Sites that serve a political agenda or otherwise induce drama Static images, gifs, animations that serve the same purpose of gifs or collections of either. Something not unique (includes generators, blogs, tumblrs, etc.) Something everyone on the internet already knows about (e.g., Netflix, Khan Academy, etc.) What NOT to post (detailed explanations can be found here): Minimal or beautifully designed websites.Īwesome websites that offer a unique service. ġ SEMI-CONDUCTOR/TRANSISTOR CROSS-REFERENCE LISTP eavey Electronics CorporationORIGINALIN-HOUSENUMBERALTERNA TEIN-HOUSENUMBERFIELDREPLACEMENTNUMBEROR DERNUMBERNOTESTO-92 TRANSISTORS2N3391(A)SPS-953(A, B)MPS-8097, 2N6520 MPS-A18, 2N6539, SK-3919 OBSOLETE 70403919 LEAD CONFIG. SEMI-CONDUCTOR/TRANSISTOR CROSS-REFERENCE LISTP eavey Electronics CorporationORIGINALIN-HOUSENUMBERALTERNA TEIN-HOUSENUMBERFIELDREPLACEMENTNUMBEROR DERNUMBERNOTESTO-92 TRANSISTORS2N3391(A)SPS-953(A, B)MPS-8097, 2N6520 MPS-A18, 2N6539, SK-3919 OBSOLETE 70403919 LEAD CONFIG. Example: air traffic controller Search SEMI-CONDUCTOR/TRANSISTOR CROSS-REFERENCE LIST … If you have a positive balance with either service, you can use those funds for your payment. But even if the app doesn’t surface the contact you’re looking for, you can send money using their username, email address, or mobile number.Īfter choosing the recipient and the amount, both PayPal and Venmo will ask you what payment method you’d like to use. Both offer the ability to sync your contacts to the app, enabling it to search for any associated PayPal or Venmo accounts held by your friends and family. The process to send money to someone is fairly similar across the two apps. Though Venmo is working to build up this merchant transaction capability among more retailers, its reach is currently very limited compared to PayPal’s very expansive footprint. PayPal can also be used as payment with a wide variety of online merchants, and even for QR code purchases in-store. However, Venmo payments can only be initiated with the mobile app, whereas PayPal payments can be made through the app or the website. They both also have browser-based desktop versions. PayPal and Venmo both have their own free apps for iOS and Android, which is where most users will go to use each service. Making payments to people you personally know Online shoppers, small business owners, those who sell/buy internationally $6,999.99 for all transactions during the last 7 days*Ĭan be used in more than 200 countries, with 25 currencies Up to $60,000, including $10,000 in a single transaction Mostly smartphone with limited web, online shopping, and in-store abilitiesīank account, debit card, credit card, PayPal balanceīank account, debit card, credit card, Venmo balanceįree from bank account 2.9% plus fixed fee if paid with debit or credit cardįree from bank account or debit card 3% if paid with credit cardįree for 3- to 5-day transfers 1.75% for instant transfers (25 cents min, $25 max)įree for 1- to 3-day transfers 1.75% for instant transfers (25 cents min, $25 max) Web, smartphone, online shopping checkout, in-store checkout Until then, the maximum transaction amount is capped at $299.99. * An identity verification step is required to access these limits. To help you choose between them, we’ve dug into the details on features, fees, speed, and versatility, giving you all the information you need to make your own smart choice. Meanwhile, PayPal is the leading choice for transactions that are more purchase-oriented, such as buying from merchants or accepting payments from your own customers. In terms of business payments, Venmo is geared more towards peer-to-peer transactions (P2P) and PayPal is more a business-to-consumer platform (B2C).īut there is a fair bit of overlap between the two payment services. For instance, personal transactions with people you know, such as paying your babysitter or splitting a restaurant bill with friends, are particularly well-suited to Venmo, where you can also make your payments a more social affair. How to wisely choose one over the other largely depends on the kinds of transactions you want to make and the parties with which you want to exchange funds. The two giants in the space, however, are PayPal and Venmo, to the point that each has come to be used as a verb, as in “PayPal me” or “Venmo me.” When you need to send someone money or accept a payment from them, there’s no shortage of digital options at your disposal. This converter cannot support encrypted or protected audio files.If the file upload process takes a long time or is unresponsive or very slow, please try to cancel and resubmit.You can adjust the video resolution, quality and file size, and choose from over 200 supported formats. Select the original audio format and select your desired format to convert to upload. CloudConvert is a web-based tool that lets you convert MP4, WEBM and AVI files to MP3 format with various options. Our online file converter tool is incredibly simple and easy to use. Convert your music or recordings to different file formats including MP3, OGG, M4A, WAV, and more. Before uploading, please make sure you agree to the terms of this website. VEED’s online audio converter is completely free to use.The maximum upload file size is 200 MB.Change the bit rate to between 64 and 320 kbps, the number of channels between mono and stereo, and sample rate including 24, 32, 44.1, 48, and 96 kHz. However, the best platform should be easy to use, affordable or free, safe to use and, above all, offer unaltered output quality. Color, you can create a video with a specific color background, such as "Blue", "Green", "Gray", "Olive" and more. This service allows you to convert between multiple audio file formats including MP3, WAV, FLAC, and OGG. The answer to this depends on your preferences and what you’d like to do with the MP3 download.Supported video files: mp4, m4v, mkv, avi, wmv, f4v, f4p, mov, vob, qt, mpg, mpeg, m1v, mpv, 3gp, 3g2. Click on the URL upload tab above and enter the video hotlink (ending with. This tool can also convert hosted (online) video to mp3. Image File, you can select an image file as the background of the output video. From MP4 to AVI and anything in between can be converted to mp3 using this tool.Once the upload is complete, the converter will redirect a web page to display the conversion results.Click the "Convert" button to start uploading your files.If you choice the "Image File" background option, select an image file (such as *.jpg, *.bmp, *.gif, *.png and more).Choose one or more files that you want to convert from video to MP3. Click the Add Media button in the upper-left corner and then Add Video. Select an audio file (such as *.mp3, *.aiff, *.amr, *.flac, *.m4a, *.mid, *.midi, *.ogg, *.wav, *.wma and more). Launch the video converter to have MP3 files created from your videos.The tool supports various image files, such as JPG, BMP, GIF, PNG and more. By default, the output video have no pictures and contains only sound, however, with the "Background" option, you can choose an image file or a solid color as the background of the output video. The tool supports various audio files, such as MP3, M4A, MIDI, WAV and more. This free tool can help you convert audio files to video files, so you can easily share your music with your friends. |
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